An optimal approach dedicated to energy efficiency of electrical systems

http://www.engopt.org/kongreso/artigos/artigos_aprovados862e.html?idioma=ptInternational audienceIn order to provide a vision of power electrical engineering for future energy-supply crossroads and challenges, variational principles are used to express local laws of electromagnetism : they are derived from thermodynamic principles and by assuming a reversible transfer of the global power exchanged throughout the electrical network. This approach is suitable for consolidating energy processes involved in electromagnetic and electromechanical conversions, from deep within the structure of the materials to the power network operations. Two kinds of devices are identified: (i) those dedicated to power conversion; and (ii) their couplings involved in transmission lines, distribution busways, cablings and connections. Furthermore, the approach is shown to provide a unique description framework for power management, energy efficiency and sustainable long-term planning exercises

Impacts of intermittent sources on the quality of power supply: The key role of reliability indicators

International audienceThe reliability of power supply, defined as the ability to recover a steady-state condition after a sudden disturbance, is crucial for operating power systems. It is usually ensured by controlling voltage and frequency deviations and involves events occurring from a few milliseconds to a few hours. However, reliability requirements are largely ignored when dealing with long-term issues. To reconcile such contrasting timescales, it seems logical to rely on energy considerations based on thermodynamics. Two reliability indicators, assessing the magnetic and kinetic energy reserves of a power system, are derived from this approach. They enable to quantify the reliability of a given production mix and make it possible to choose between increasing shares of intermittent sources and maintaining an expected level of reliability. Since the indicators tackle reliability issues without focusing on a specific timescale, they are effective for both discussing the long-term evolution of reliability and improving the real-time management of a power system

Energy Efficiency And The "triple 20" European Policy: Lessons Drawn From The French Case

http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/proceedingssearch.aspx?conference=Istanbul%2031st%20IAEE%20International%20ConferenceInternational audienceThis paper questions the relevance of the announced energy efficiency target (i.e. translated as energy consumption savings) as leverage for the GHG mitigation in the French case. We explore the impact of both primary and final energy consumption savings, when combined with a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020. This is done through long-term planning exercises using Markal/Times modeling tool for France. The results show the impact of energy consumption savings on the future energy mix. This is discussed through the “French model” framework, where a unique energy policy has lead the country to rely on the highest nuclear power share worldwide

Expanding Renewable Energy by Implementing Demand Response

International audienceWe evaluate the impacts of DR in future electricity systems and to what extent they can facilitate the spread of high shares of renewable energy while maintaining a given level of reliability. We propose an approach based on long-term planning models, the MARKAL/TIMES models and our analysis is demonstrated by the case of Reunion Island, which aims to produce electricity using 100% renewable energy sources by 2030. We demonstrate that higher shares of intermittent sources weaken reliability of supply and can be counter balanced through demand response solutions

Post-Kyoto policy implications on the energy system: A TIAM-FR long-term planning exercise

World Energy Council : http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/congresspapers/366.pdfInternational audienceThe aim of this study is to discuss the long term analysis of post-Kyoto commitments, with the modelling tool ETSAP-TIAM-FR. Through the specification of CO2 mitigation targets scenarios covering the period 2000-2050, this analysis focuses on the effects of these carbon constraints on several indicators such as global and regional CO2 emissions, the cost of the climate policy, carbon marginal costs, the primary energy consumption and the energy mix. This paper compares global efforts of CO2 mitigation with the cost of carbon and finally discusses the development of CCS technologies

Arbitrage between Energy Efficiency and Carbon Management in the Industry Sector: An Emerging vs. Developed Country Discrimination

International audienceFollowing the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009, some countries have adopted carbon abatement pledges. As energy savings are a source of indirect carbon reduction, those pledges will impact the development of Energy Efficiency solutions. This study aims to quantify those impacts and determine their sensitivity to COP15 pledges within the competition with other cleaner technologies, especially on the supply-side. The study relies on the TIAM-FR model, which is a 15-region world version of the MARKAL/TIMES model family, where an Energy Efficiency-dedicated module was implemented. A focus is given on Europe, United States and China; and only the implementation of the Energy Efficiency solutions in the industrial sector is considered. On the supply side, the level of power generation is weakly changed with the carbon mitigation constraint while the power mix has a strong sensitivity for pledges more strict than COP15. On the demand side, Energy Efficiency implementation appears as the only lever in mature countries to achieve COP15 variant pledges, whereas a competition with cleaner generation technologies is pointed out according to the stringency of the pledge adopted by China

Long term planning tools and reliability needs: focusing on the Reunion Island

http://ab3e.org.br/rio2010/conference-program/concurrent-sessions/june07/International audienceIn this paper, we tackle the issue of reliability of supply in future power systems. To build plausible options for future energy systems, long-term planning models such as the Markal/TIMES family of models must address the technological and economical feasibility of these options. This paper focuses on the electricity sector and how to take reliability into account when designing future power systems in long-term planning exercises. This approach is implemented and demonstrated through the development of a TIMES model for the Reunion Islan

TIMES model for the Reunion Island: addressing reliability of electricity supply

International audienceThe Reunion Island aims to have in 2030 an energy consumption based to 100% on renewable energy sources. In 2008, the total primary energy consumption was 1295 ktoe, and as most of small islands, the Reunion Island was highly dependent on fossil fuel imports (86.5%). This paper focuses on the target applied to the electricity sector, where the current use of renewable energy sources is 36%. To build plausible options for future energy systems, we rely on long-term planning models { such as the MARKAL/TIMES family of models. The MARKAL/TIMES models optimize energy systems in the long-term with an explicit bottom-up approach through a description of individual technologies. In this paper, we present the results obtained with a TIMES model dedicated to the supply and power sectors of the Reunion Island. We also tackle the technological and economical feasibilities of electricity systems provided by this model, considering in particular the incentives' system and the reliability of electricity supply

The cost of reliability of supply in future power systems

http://ab3e.org.br/rio2010/conference-program/concurrent-sessions/june-09/International audienceIn order to build plausible options for future energy systems, long-term planning models must consequently address the technological feasibility and associated cost of these options. This paper focuses on the electricity sector and on problems of reliability of supply for future power systems. We propose a methodology for assessing the reliability of power systems based on a number of aggregated physical properties. Our aim is to take reliability into account when designing future power systems and to improve results provided by long-term planning exercises

Reliability in future electricity mixes: the question of distributed and renewables sources

http://www.aaee.at/2009-IAEE/details.phpInternational audiencePushed by the need for carbon emission abatement and the expected depletion of fossil fuels, electricity generation is entering a period of signicant change. At this point in time, the issue of integrating distributed and renewable energy sources puts a question mark over the future shape of the electricity industry. In this paper, we are interested in the level of reliability of future electricity mixes and whether or not these changes will impact the level of reliability. Consequently, we propose a methodology for assessing the reliability of power systems based on a number of aggregated physical properties. Finally, we exhibit “reliability indicators", which provide valuable comments on reliability using distributed and renewable energy sources. To sum up, changes in the electricity industry must be made carefully with respect to reliability requirements